Chii chinonzi Emergency Shutdown Valve (ESDV): Nheyo Yekushanda

Chii chinonzi Emergency Shutdown Valve (ESDV)?

Munyika ine matambudziko makuru ekugadzira maindasitiri, kunyanya nzvimbo dzinocheneswa mafuta negasi, nzvimbo dzinogadzira makemikari, uye nzvimbo dzinogadzira magetsi, kuchengetedzeka hakusi chinhu chinongodiwa chete - chinhu chakakosha. Pamwoyo wekuchengetedza vashandi, kuchengetedza nharaunda, uye kudzivirira kukuvara kwezvinhu zvine njodzi ndipo pane chinhu chakakosha:Vharuvhu Yekudzima Yekukurumidza(ESDV), inowanzotaurwawo seVharuvhu Yekudzima (SDV)mukati meSafety Instrumented Systems (SIS).

ESDV imhando yevharuvhu yakagadzirwa otomatiki, yakasarudzikayakagadzirirwa chinangwa chimwe chete chikuru: kuparadzanisa nekukurumidza uye zvakavimbika zvikamu zvekuyerera kwemaitiro (zvinwiwa, magasi, kana mafluids ezvikamu zvakawanda) kana paine mamiriro enjodzi akatsanangurwa. Kusiyana nemavharuvhu ekudzora anochinja kuyerera kwemaitiro ekutonga, maESDV anoshanda kaviri - akavhurika zvizere (achibvumira kuyerera panguva yekushanda kwakajairika) kana kuvharwa zvizere (achivhara kuyerera panguva yenjodzi). Basa rawo guru nderekushanda sechipingamupinyi chikuru chemuvirikumisa kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvine njodzi kusingadzoreki kana miganhu yakakosha yekuchengetedza yadarika.

Nei ESDV Dzisingakwanise Kutaurwa Nezvekuchengetedzwa

Migumisiro yekukundikana kuparadzanisa kufamba kwemaitiro panguva dzenjodzi dzakadai semoto, kubuda kwemvura, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, kutadza kwemidziyo, kana kurasikirwa nekudzora zvinogona kuva zvinoparadza. MaESDV zvikamu zvakakosha zveSafety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) mukati meSafety Instrumented System (SIS) yakakura. Masisitimu aya akagadzirwa zvichienderana nemitemo yakasimba yepasi rose (IEC 61511 / ISA 84) uye akapihwa Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) zvichibva pakuderedza njodzi kwavanofanira kuwana.

Hunhu Hukuru Kutsanangura ESDV:

1. Dhizaini Yakachengeteka:Iyi ndiyo nheyo huru. MaESDV akagadzirwa kuti aende *otomatiki* kunzvimbo yawo yakachengeteka (inenge nguva dzoseyakavharwa zvizere, asi dzimwe nguva *inovhurika* mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekutonhodza mvura panguva yemoto) kana simba remagetsi rikarasikirwa (magetsi, kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, kumanikidzwa kwemvura) kana kana chiratidzo chekufamba kubva kuSIS chasvika. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nekuchengetedzeka kunyangwe kana fekitari ikarasikirwa nemagetsi kana kudzora.

2. Kuvimbika Kwakanyanya uye Kuwanikwa Kwazvo:MaESDV anogaroitwa nenzira dzakaomarara dzekugadzira, kugadzira, kuyedza, uye kupa zvitupa. Anofanira kushanda kana achidiwa, nguva dzese. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvinhu zvakakosha (senge ma solenoids) kwakajairika.

3. Nguva Yekupedzisa Nekukurumidza:Kumhanya kwakakosha kana paine njodzi. MaESDV anotsanangurwa kuti avhare mukati menguva pfupi, kazhinjiMasekondi 1 kusvika ku5, zvichienderana nehukuru hwevharuvhu, rudzi, uye zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza (SIL level).

4. Kuvhara Zvakanaka:Kana yakavharwa, maESDV anofanirwa kupachisimbiso chakasimba semabhurumukudzivirira chero kubuda kwemvura ine njodzi.

5. Kuvaka Kwakaomarara:Yakavakwa kuti ikwanise kutsungirira mamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara (kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, tembiricha, mvura inoparadza) uye mukana wekupiswa (dhizaini isingatsvi pamoto zvichienderana neAPI 607/6FA, ISO 10497 inowanzo sungirwa).

6. Kudzora Kwakazvimirira:MaESDV anogamuchira chiratidzo cherwendo rwavo zvakananga kubva kuSafety Instrumented System (SIS), kwete system yekudzora mashandiro enguva dzose (BPCS). Kupatsanurwa uku kwakakosha kuti pave nekuvimbika.

Kuona Kuchengetedzeka: Kumiririrwa kweP&ID yeValve yeKuvhara Panjodzi

Madhiyagiramu ePiping neInstrumentation (P&ID) ndiwo mutauro unoshandiswa nevanjiniya vemaprocess. MaESDV ane zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvekuasiyanisa nemamwe marudzi emavharuvhu uye zvinoratidza zvakajeka basa rawo rakakosha rekuchengetedza.

* Chiratidzo cheVharuvhu Yakajairika:Chiratidzo chikuru chinoenderana nerudzi rwevharuvhu:

* Vharuvhu yeBhora:Matatu maviri akanongedzera kudenderedzwa (anomiririra bhora).

* Vharuvhu yeGedhi:Rectangle inotsvedza iri pakati pemitsara miviri yakatwasuka (inomiririra gedhi nemuviri).

* Vharuvhu yeBhatafurayi:Mutsetse wakatwasuka unopatsanura denderedzwa nepakati (unomiririra dhisiki nemuviri).

* Chiratidzo cheActuator:Chinhu chikuru chinoratidza ESDV/SDV chiratidzo chayo che actuator chakabatanidzwa ne valvu body:

* AsikweyaChiratidzo chevharuvhu chinowanzo miririra actuator.

* Kune ESDV, sikweya iyi inowanzo kuveyakazadzwa nedema rakasimbakanayakakamurwa.

* Tsamba dzacho"ESD", "SD", kana"XV"(apo X inomiririra chiratidzo chaicho, kazhinji 'S' yekuvhara) inoratidzwa zvakajeka padivi kana mukati mechiratidzo che actuator.

* Chiito Chekukundikana:Chiito chekudzivirira kutadza chinoratidzwa nezviratidzo zviri pedyo neactuator:

* FC (Kukundikana Kuvhara):Museve unonongedzera kumuviri wevharuvhu kana mavara ekuti "FC". Anonyanya kushandiswa paESDVs.

* FO (Kutadza Kuvhurwa):Museve unonongedzera kure nemuviri wevharuvhu kana mavara ekuti "FO". Unoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.

* Bhabhu reChishandiso neNhamba yeTag:ESDV inogara yakabatana neSIS. Basa rayo rinoratidzwa nebubble rezviridzwa(kazhinji hexagon kana denderedzwa) yakabatana nechiratidzo chevharuvhu nemutsetse wakakamurwa. Nhamba yetag iri mukati mebhabhurosi inotevera zviyero zvemiti asi inoiratidza zvakajeka sechikamu cheSIS (semuenzaniso, ZV-1001, apo 'Z' inowanzo ratidza SIS/ESD, 'V' yevharuvhu).

Nheyo Yekutanga: Vharuvhu Yekudzima Yekukurumidza Inoshanda Sei

Nheyo yekushanda inobva panekusakundikanadhizaini uye mhinduro yemuchina wemagetsi kana chiratidzo kana simba rapera. Heino tsananguro:

1. Kushanda Kwakajairika:Musangano weESDV unoitwa munaVhurachinzvimbo. Izvi zvinoda simba:

* Zvishandiso zveKudzoka kweChirimo:Chinofambisa magetsi (pneumatic/hydraulic) chinoshandisa simba rakapihwa kuti *chidzvanye* chitubu chine simba, chichibata vharuvhu rakavhurika richirwisa simba rechitubu.

* Vashandi veMotokari (Hazviwanzoitiki kune ESD):Mota inobatirira vharuvhu yakavhurika (kana kuivhara) pabhureki remakanika kana chitubu. Kurasikirwa nesimba kunokonzera kuti vharuvhu isashande zvakanaka.

2. Dambudziko reEmergency rawanikwa:Masensa (zvinotumira pressure, zvinonzwa tembiricha, zvinoona moto, zvinoona gasi, nezvimwewo) zvinotumira chiratidzo kune SIS logic solver zvichiratidza njodzi huru.

3. Chiratidzo cherwendo rweSIS:Mugadziri weSIS logic, zvichibva pahurongwa hwayo hwekuchengetedza hwakarongwa, anosarudza kuti rwendo runodiwa. Anotumirachiratidzo chemagetsikuvharuvhu yeESDV yesolenoid.

4. Dump yeSimba reActuator (Danho Guru):

* Kudzoka Kwechirimo:Vharuvhu ye solenoid inobvisa simba ipapo ipapo, ichikurumidza kuburitsa mweya/hydraulic pressure *kubva* ku actuator. Simba rakachengetwa muchitubu chine simba rakamanikidzwa rinoburitswa.

* Simba-rekuvhara:Simba rechitubu (kana dzimwe nguva kumanikidzwa kwe hydraulic kwakachengetwa) rinokunda chero simba ripi zvaro rinopikisa uye rinosundira tsinde re actuator kuti ritenderere (bhora/shavishavi) kana kusimudza/kudzikisa (gedhi) nhengo yekuvhara vharuvhu.

5. Kuvharwa kweVharuvhu:Nhengo yekuvhara (bhora, gedhi, dhisiki) inofamba nekukurumidza kuenda kuYAVHARWA zvizerenzvimbo, ichivhara nzira yekufamba kwemaitiro.

6. Kuzviparadzanisa Kwakaitwa:Mvura ine njodzi iri muchikamu chakaparadzana chiri kumusoro kweESDV, ichidzivirira kuwedzera kwechiitiko ichi.

Mhasuru Iri Kuseri Kwechiito: Zvishandiso zveEmergency Shutdown Valve

Chinobatidza magetsi (actuator) ndicho chinhu chinoshandura chiratidzo chekudzora (kana kurasikirwa nesimba) kuita simba remagetsi rinodiwa kuti vharuvhu ifambiswe nekukurumidza uye nenzira yakavimbika. Kusarudza chinobatidza magetsi chakakodzera kwakakosha pakushanda kweESDV.

Mhando dzeESDV Actuator dzakajairika:

1. Zvishandiso zvePneumatic Spring-Return Diaphragm:

* Nheyo:Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo yakamanikidzwa kunoshanda padiaphragm hombe kudzvanya chitubu, kuchibata vharuvhu rakavhurika. Dump yemhepo (kuburikidza nevharuvhu yesolenoid) inoburitsa chitubu, ichivhara vharuvhu.

* Zvakanakira:Zviri nyore, zvakavimbika, zvinoshanda nekukurumidza, zvakachengeteka (hapana pfari), mhepo inowanikwa zviri nyore.

* Zvakaipa:Simba shoma remavharuvhu makuru kwazvo kana kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, rinoda mhepo yakachena/yakaoma, zvichikonzera kuti mhepo ishande zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo dzinotonhora zvikuru.

* Kushandiswa Kwakajairika:Mavharuvhu madiki kusvika pakati nepakati uye mavharuvhu emashavishavi.

2. Zvishandiso zveHydraulic Spring-Return Piston:

* Nheyo: Kumanikidzwa kwemvura inoyerera ne hydraulic kunoshanda pa piston kuti idzvinyirire chitubu chine simba, ichibata vharuvhu rakavhurika. Vharuvhu yeSolenoid inodurura kumanikidzwa kwe hydraulic, chitubu chinovhara vharuvhu.

* Zvakanakira: Simba guru rinobuda rakakodzera mavharuvhu makuru, mavharuvhu egedhi, uye mashandisirwo ekumanikidzwa kwakakwira. Kazhinji inokurumidza kupfuura maactuator makuru epneumatic. Yakasimba.

* Zvakaipa: Inoda hydraulic power unit (HPU), kuiswa kwakaoma, mukana wekubuda kwemvura, uye kugadziriswa kwakanyanya.

* Kushandiswa Kwakajairika: Mavharuvhu makuru ebhora, mavharuvhu egedhi, mashandisirwo ane simba guru (kunyanya migero yemafuta negasi, mapaipi).

3. Pneumatic/Hydraulic Scotch-Yoke kana Rack & Pinion Actuators (Spring-Return):

* Nheyo: Chinja kufamba kwepiston/diaphragm kwakatwasuka kuita kufamba kwerotary uchishandisa scotch-yoke kana rack and pinion mechanisms. Spring-return inopa chiito chisina njodzi.

* Zvakanakira: Kuburitsa simba rakanaka panguva yekurova, dhizaini diki (rack & pinion), yakakodzera mavharuvhu ekutenderera kwekota (bhora, butterfly, plug). Inobatanidza mabhenefiti esimba/kumhanya.

* Zvakaipa: Zvinogona kuoma kupfuura maactuator epa diaphragm.

* Kushandiswa Kwakajairika: Mhando dzakasiyana dzemabhora nemavharuvhu eshavishavi.

4. MaActuator eMota dzeMagetsi (ane Bhegi rekuchengetedza/Chitubu Chisina Kuchengetedzwa):

* Nheyo: Mota yemagetsi inovhurisa kana kuvhara vharuvhu. Pakushandisa ESDV, *inofanira* kuva nenzira isina njodzi yemakanika, kazhinji kacho chitubu, chinoshanda kana simba rapera kuti vharuvhu iendeswe panzvimbo yakachengeteka. Bhatiri rinogona kudzosera mota kumota kwekupedzisira kana simba rikapera *mushure mekunge chiratidzo chagamuchirwa asi risati ravharwa.

* Zvakanakira: Hapana chikonzero chekushandisa masystem emhepo/hydraulic, nzvimbo chaiyo (kunyange zvisingadiwi paESD), torque yakakwira.

* Zvakaipa: Nguva yekuvhara inononoka kana tichienzanisa nesimba/chitubu chemvura, mutengo wakakwira, kuoma kwekushanda kwechitubu, njodzi inogona kuitika (inoda chitupa chenzvimbo dzine njodzi).

* Kushandiswa Kwakajairika: Nzvimbo dzisingashandiswi nemhepo/hydraulic, kana kuti mavharuvhu madiki asinganyanyi kukosha. Hazviwanzoitiki kune mashandisirwo akakosha eESDV anomhanya zvakanyanya pane spring-return inodzoserwa nemvura.

Second yega yega inotarisirwa: Nguva yekuvhara vharuvhu yekuvharwa kwemagetsi nekukurumidza

Nguva yekupedzisira ingangove imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekushanda kweESDV. Inokanganisa zvakananga maverengerwo ekusimbisa Safety Integrity Level (SIL) eSafety Instrumented Function (SIF).

* Nei Kumhanya Kuchikosha:Mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi akadai sekudonha kwemvura kana moto, huwandu hwezvinhu zvine njodzi zvinoburitswa zvisati zvabviswa zvinoenderana nekuyerera kwemvura uye nguva inotora vharuvhu kuti ivharwe. Kuvhara nekukurumidza kunoderedza kuburitswa, zvichideredza kuoma kwechiitiko (hukuru hwemoto, kupararira kwemakore ane chepfu, kudururwa kwemvura munzvimbo).

* Zvinodiwa Zvakajairika:Nguva dzekuvhara dzeESDV dzinowanzo kutsanangurwa muhuwandu hweMasekondi 1 kusvika ku5kubva pakutanga kwechiratidzo cherwendo kusvika pakuvharwa kwakazara uye kuvharwa. Mavharuvhu madiki (semuenzaniso, 2-6 inch) anowanzo svika masekondi 1-2. Mavharuvhu makuru (semuenzaniso, 24 inch+) kana mavharuvhu egedhi angada kusvika masekondi mashanu kana kupfuura zvishoma, asi kukurumidza nguva dzose kunodiwa.

* Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Nguva Yekugumisa:

* Saizi yeVharuvhu uye Rudzi:Mavharuvhu makuru ane huremu hwakawanda hwekufambisa. Mavharuvhu egedhi anoda kurongeka kwakareba kupfuura mavharuvhu ebhora/shavishavi anotenderera nekota.

* Rudzi rweActuator uye Saizi:Ma hydraulic actuators anowanzo vhara mavharuvhu makuru nekukurumidza kupfuura pneumatic. Saizi ye actuator (simba re spring rakakwana/nzvimbo ye piston) yakakosha.

* Mamiriro Ekuita:Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwemusiyano wevharuvhu kunoita kuti pave nekuvharika kwakasimba, zvichireva kuti panofanira kuva neactuator ine simba rakawanda.

* Kusawirirana uye Kukakavadzana:Kukweshana kwesimbi yevharuvhu uye kukweshana kwezvikamu zvemukati zvinofanira kuderedzwa.

* Kumhanya kweValve yeSolenoid:Vharuvhu yesolenoid inofanira kuburitsa mweya we actuator nekukurumidza zvikuru.

* Kunonoka kweSisitimu Yekudzora:Nguva yekuti SIS logic solver igadzirise chiratidzo uye ipe simba/ibvise simba re solenoid inowedzera nguva yacho yese (kunyangwe kazhinji milliseconds).

* Kuedzwa:Kuongororwa kwechikamu cheStroke Testing (PST) kunotarisa kufamba kwevharuvhu pasina kufamba kwakazara, asi Kuongororwa kwakazara kweStroke (FST) panguva yekuvharwa kwakarongwa kwakakosha kuti uone kuti nguva chaiyo yekuvharwa inoenderana nezvinodiwa. MaESDV anoshanda zvakanyanya anowanzova nezviratidzo zvemuchina zvinoratidza mamiriro ekuvharwa.

Kuongororwa Kwekuchengetedza: Zvikamu zveVharuvhu Yekudzima Zvinokosha

Kunzwisisa zvikamu zvikuru zveESDV assembly kwakakosha:

1. Muviri weVharuvhu:Chinhu chikuru chine kumanikidzwa, chinochengeta zvikamu zvemukati. Chakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasimba (simbi yekabhoni, simbi isingatsvi, alloys) zvakakodzera kumanikidzwa, tembiricha, uye kukora kwemvura. Chinosanganisira magumo akaputirwa, akasungirirwa, kana kuti akarukwa ekubatanidza mapaipi. Dhizaini isingatsvi pamoto zvichienderana neAPI 607/6FA, ISO 10497 yakakosha.

2. Bhoneti:Kubatanidza muviri wevharuvhu neactuator, zvichipa muganho wekumanikidzwa wakakomberedza tsinde. Kunosanganisira kurongedza kudzivirira kubuda kwetsinde.

3. Kucheka:Zvikamu zvemukati zvinodzora kuyerera uye zvinopa chisimbiso:

* Nhengo Yekuvharwa:Chikamu chinofamba chichienda kunovhara kuyerera (Bhora, Gedhi, Disc/Plate).

* Zvigaro:Nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nemazvo dzinovharirwa nhengo yekuvharira kuti dzivharwe zvakasimba nebubble. Kazhinji dzinosimba (elastomer senge PTFE) kana simbi kubva kusimbi kuenda kusimbi. Zvakakosha pakushanda kweESDV.

* Hunde:Inobatanidza actuator kune nhengo yekuvhara, ichitumira kufamba. Inofanira kumira kusundwa/kumanikidzwa pasina kukotama kana kutyoka.

4. Mushandi wekugadzirisa:Sezvakatsanangurwa kare (Pneumatic Diaphragm, Hydraulic Piston, Scotch-Yoke, Rack & Pinion, Electric ine Spring). Inopa simba uye kufamba.

5. Vharuvhu yeSolenoid:Mavharuvhu anoshandiswa nemagetsi anodzorwa neSIS. Anotungidza kana kuburitsa mweya/hydraulic pressure kuenda/kubva kuactuator kuti atange kuvhura kana (zvakakosha) kuvhara. Ma solenoids asina simba (2oo2, 2oo3 voting) akajairika kune mashandisirwo eSIL akawanda.

6. Maswichi/Matransimita Enzvimbo:Ipa mhinduro yemagetsi kune system yekudzora (DCS/SIS) uchisimbisa nzvimbo chaiyo yevharuvhu (Yakavhurika, Yakavharwa, dzimwe nguva Yepakati). Zvakakosha pakuziva kwemushandisi uye kuongororwa kweSIS.

7. Chiratidzo cheNzvimbo Yemunzvimbo:Mureza wemuchina kana pointer inoratidza mamiriro eVHURU/VAKAVHARWA panzvimbo yevharuvhu.

8. Kudzokorora nemaoko:Muchina (weruoko, lever, pombi yeruoko yehydraulic) unobvumira vashandisi kuvhura kana kuvhara vharuvhu nemaoko panguva yekugadzirisa kana kana actuator ikakundikana. Haipfuure basa rekuchengetedza otomatiki.

9. Zvishongedzo (Zvinowanzo batanidzwa):Zvinodzora mafirita emhepo (emhepo), mavharuvhu emhepo anokurumidza (ekuvharwa nekukurumidza), matangi ehuwandu (ekuchengetedza mhepo kuti ikwanise kufamba kamwe chete kana yarasikirwa nemagetsi), mavharuvhu ekukiya.

Mutauro weMadhayagiramu: Kupfupikiswa kweZviratidzo zveVharuvhu yeShutdown & Standards

Sezvakataurwa muchikamu cheP&ID, chiratidzo ichi chinoratidza zvakajeka ESDV/SDV:

* Chiratidzo cheRudzi rweVharuvhu:Bhora (Matatu + Denderedzwa), Gedhi (Rectangle Inotsvedza), Shavishavi (Mutsetse uchipfuura neDenderedzwa).

* Chiratidzo cheActuator:Sikweya Yakasimba kana Yakachekwa yakabatana nechiratidzo chevharuvhu.

* Kunyora mazita:"ESD", "SD", kana "XV" zvakanyorwa zvakajeka pachiratidzo cheactuator.

* Chiito Chekukundikana:"FC" (Fail Close - inonyanya kuzivikanwa) kana kuti "FO" (Fail Open) inoratidzwa.

* Chinongedzo cheSIS:Bhabhu rezvishandiso (semuenzaniso, Hexagon) rakabatana nemutsetse wakakamurwa kuactuator, rine nhamba yeSIS tag (semuenzaniso, ZV-1001).

Mitemo Yakakosha:ISA-5.1 (Zviratidzo zveZvishandiso uye Kuzivikanwa) ndiyo chiyero chikuru muNorth America. ISO 14617 (Zviratidzo zveMifananidzo zvemadhayagiramu) inoshandiswa pasi rose. Kuenderana mukati mezviyero zveP&ID zvechigadzirwa ndiko kwakakosha.

Chiratidzo cheVharuvhu Yekuvharwa Kwekukurumidza

Varindi veMahydrocarbon: Mavharuvhu ekuvharwa kwemagetsi eOiri neGasi

Indasitiri yemafuta negesi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa zvakanyanya uye yakakosha yeESDV. Migumisiro inogona kuitika yekukundikana - moto mukuru, kuputika, kuburitswa kwechepfu, njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, uye kurasikirwa nehupenyu - yakakura kwazvo. ESDV inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana:

1. Kumusoro (Wellheads, Puratifomu, FPSOs):

* Wellhead ESDVs:Yakaiswa pamiti yeKisimusi (pamusoro/pasi pegungwa) kuti iparadzanise matsime ega ega kana paine njodzi (semuenzaniso, kuputika kwemvura, moto). Kana paine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya (matsime eHPHT). Maitiro eAPI 6A akajairika.

* Mapombi ESDVs:Bvisa zvikamu zvemitsetse yekuyerera kwemvura, mitsetse yekuunganidza, kana mapaipi ekutumira kunze kwenyika pamapuratifomu kana maFPSO. Zvakatsanangurwa zveAPI 6D. Dhizaini isingatsvedzi moto inosungirwa.

* Maitiro ekudzidzisa ESDVs:Gadzira michina mikuru yakaita semaseparators, macompressor, mapombi kana paine moto kana kutadza kushanda.

2. Pakati pemvura (Mapaipi, Nzvimbo dzePombi/Compressor):

* Mavharuvhu eBlock (Kazhinji maESDV):Yakaiswa nguva nenguva pamativi emapaipi kuti iparadzanise zvikamu zvakaputika, zvichideredza huwandu hwemvura inodururwa. Kushanda kure kubva kunzvimbo dzekudzora ndiko kwakajairika. API 6D.

* Zviteshi zveESDV:Isa pombi, macompressor, mita, nematangi ekuchengetera zvinhu munzvimbo dzacho.

3. Pasi perwizi (Refineries, Petrochemical Plants, LNG Terminals):

* Zvikamu zveESDV zveKupatsanura Zvikamu:Kurumidza paradzanisa mayuniti ese ekugadzirisa (semuenzaniso, Crude Distillation, FCCU, Hydrocracker) panguva yemoto mukuru kana zviitiko zvinotyisa.

* Dziviriro yeMidziyo ESDV:Bvisa maovheni, ma reactor, makoramu, ma compressor makuru.

* Kurodha/Kuburitsa MaESDV:Bvisa zvombo zvinotakura zvinhu zvemugungwa kana zvechitima kana paine njodzi.

Zvinodiwa Zvakasiyana zveOiri neGasi:

* Mitemo Yakasimba:Maitiro eAPI anotonga: API 6A (Wellhead), API 6D (Pipeline/General), API 607/6FA (Fire Test). ISO 10497 (Fire Test) inoshandiswawo. Chitupa cheSIL sekureva kweIEC 61508/61511 ndicho chakajairika.

* Dhizaini Inodzivirira Moto:MaESDV *anofanira* kuchengetedza kusimba kwemhepo uye kudzora kubuda kwemvura mukati/kunze panguva yekupiswa nemoto uye mushure mezvo (kazhinji maminetsi makumi matatu pa 1400-1700°F). Izvi zvinoda kurongedza kwakakosha kwesimbi, mabhoneti akareba, zvisimbiso zvegrafiti, uye magadzirirwo ezvigaro zvesimbi.

* Kusarudzwa Kwezvinhu:Inofanira kubata sevhisi yakakora (H2S – NACE MR0175/ISO 15156), kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya (HPHT), tembiricha inopenya (LNG), uye mvura inoparadza. Simbi dzisina ngura mbiri, Inconel, Monel dzakajairika.

* Kushanda Kwakasimba:Ma "hydraulic spring-return actuators" anowanikwa nekuda kwesimba guru rema "valve" makuru uye kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, kunyanya kumusoro. Maitiro asina simba akajairika.

* Subsea ESDVs:Zvinomiririra kuvimbika kwepamusoro-soro uye tekinoroji, yakagadzirirwa kudzika zvakanyanya, kumanikidzwa, uye kushanda kure pasina mukana wekugadzirisa. Kusashanda zvakanyanya uye kuvimbika kwakanyanya kwazvo ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha.

Mhedziso: Chipingamupinyi Chinokosha

Mavharuvhu eEmergency Shutdown haasi mavharuvhu chete; ndiwo anodzivirira kuchengetedzeka kwemaindasitiri. Dhizaini yavo isina njodzi, kushanda nekukurumidza, kuvimbika kwakanyanya, uye basa rakakosha mukati meSafety Instrumented Systems zvinoita kuti vave nzira yekupedzisira yekudzivirira njodzi. Kunzwisisa basa ravo, zvikamu zvavo, musimboti wekushanda, uye zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvavanofanira kuita - kunyanya mumaindasitiri ane njodzi huru senge mafuta negesi - zvakakosha kune mainjiniya, vashandi, uye nyanzvi dzekuchengetedza. Kubva pachiratidzo chiri paP&ID kusvika kuvharuvhu hombe iri papuratifomu yekunze, ESDV inomira semurindi akakosha, anogara akagadzirira kuita kana sekondi yega yega ichikosha, ichidzivirira vanhu, nyika, nezvinhu zvisingakoshi. Kutsanangurwa kwakakodzera, kuiswa, kuyedzwa kwakasimba (kusanganisira PST neFST), uye kugadziriswa kwakanyatsonaka hazvigoneke kuve nechokwadi chekuti ava varindi vakanyarara vanoita basa ravo rekuponesa hupenyu zvisina mhosva pavanokumbirwa.